Acc 556 Essay Example for Free

Acc 556 Essay Faculty and students/learners will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: †¢University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. †¢Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materials forum. University policies are subject to change. Be sure to read the policies at the beginning of each class. Policies may be slightly different depending on the modality in which you attend class. If you have recently changed modalities, read the policies governing your current class modality. Course Materials Louwers, T. J. , Ramsay, R. J. , Sinason, D. H. , Strawser, J. R. , Thibodeau, J. C. (2011). Auditing assurance services (4th ed. ). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Mulford, C. W. , Comiskey, E. E. (2002). The financial numbers game: Detecting creative accounting practices. New York, NY: John Wiley Sons. Silverstone, H. , Sheetz, M. (2007). Forensic accounting and fraud investigation for non-experts (2nd ed. ). Pearson. Singleton, T. W. , Singleton, A. J. (2010). Fraud auditing and forensic accounting (4th ed. ). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons. Wells, J. (2011). Principles of fraud examination (3rd ed. ). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. All electronic materials are available on the student website. Supplemental Resources Apollo Shoes Casebook Web-Based Version http://highered. mcgraw-hill. com/sites/0078136644/student_view0/apollo_shoes_case. html Week One: Overview of Fraud and Abuse DetailsDuePoints Objectives1. 1Identify the impact of occupational fraud and abuse on the organization. 1. 2Describe U. S. governmental oversight of accounting fraud and abuse. 1. Define categories of corruption. 1. 4Assess the types of accounting evidence. ReadingRead the section â€Å"Fraud Examination Methodology† in Ch. 1 of Principles of Fraud Examination. ReadingRead Ch. 10 of Principles of Fraud Examination. ReadingRead Ch. 16 of Principles of Fraud Examination. ReadingRead Ch. 4 of The Financial Numbers Game. ReadingRead Ch. 11 of Fraud Auditing and Forensic Accounting. ParticipationParticipate in class discus sion. See Policies2 Discussion QuestionsRespond to weekly discussion questions. DQ1 – Day 2 DQ2 – Day 4 DQ3 – Day 62 Individual Internal Accountant’s Report to ManagementYou are the internal accountant at a company that is preparing for an upcoming government contract bid. The management in your company is deciding if it is necessary for the company to perform a full financial status review prior to the bid. As an internal accountant, prepare a report for management that provides supporting information for a full financial status review prior to the bid. Write a paper of no more than 1,050 words that includes the following sections: †¢Section I: The effect of occupational fraud and abuse on the company †¢Section II: U. S. overnmental oversight of accounting fraud and abuse and its effect on the company †¢Section III: Potential corruption schemes to be aware of in the company †¢Section IV: Recommendation of types of accounting evidence and methods of gathering such evidence to support the financial status review Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. Day 714 Week Two: Fore nsic Evidence DetailsDuePoints Objectives2. 1Explain procedures for collecting accounting evidence. 2. 2Explain the use of sampling in performing an examination. 2. 3Evaluate accounting evidence using analytical and inferential tools. ReadingRead Ch. of Forensic Accounting and Fraud Investigation for Non-Experts. ReadingRead Ch. 9 of Forensic Accounting and Fraud Investigation for Non-Experts. ReadingRead Ch. 10 of Forensic Accounting and Fraud Investigation for Non-Experts. ReadingRead Ch. 11 of Forensic Accounting and Fraud Investigation for Non-Experts. ReadingRead Ch. 12 of Forensic Accounting and Fraud Investigation for Non-Experts. ReadingRead Module E of Auditing Assurance Services. ReadingRead Module F of Auditing Assurance Services. ReadingRead Module G of Auditing Assurance Services. ReadingRead the Apollo Shoes Casebook Road Map. ReadingReview the Apollo Shoes Casebook. ParticipationParticipate in class discussion. See Policies1. 5 Discussion QuestionsRespond to weekly discussion questions. DQ1 – Day 2 DQ2 – Day 4 DQ3 – Day 61. 5 Individual Procedures in Collecting Forensic EvidenceAs corporate controller for Apollo Shoes, you are tasked to find and explain any irregularities in the Apollo Shoes Case. Resource: Apollo Shoes Casebook Define the process you will use and address the following questions: †¢What procedures will you use to collect accounting evidence? †¢What sampling tools and techniques will you use for the examination? How will you use analytical and inferential tools to evaluate accounting evidence? Submit your assignment to the facilitator. Note. APA formatting is not required for this assignment. Use a title and reference page where appropriate. Consider using a checklist or flowchart to outline your process. Day 78 Learning Team Weekly ReflectionDiscuss this wee k’s objectives with your team. Your discussion should include the topics you feel comfortable with, any topics you struggled with, and how the weekly topics relate to application in your field. Prepare a 350- to 1,050-word paper detailing the findings of your discussion. Day 71 Week Three: Substantive Procedures for Cash Outflow Irregularities DetailsDuePoints Objectives3. 1Design substantive procedures for detecting irregularities in cash. 3. 2Design substantive procedures for detecting irregularities in accounts payable. 3. 3Design substantive procedures for detecting irregularities in payroll. ReadingsRead Ch. 2 of Principles of Fraud Examination. ReadingsRead Ch. 3 of Principles of Fraud Examination. ReadingsRead Ch. 5 of Principles of Fraud Examination. ReadingsRead Ch. 6 of Principles of Fraud Examination. ReadingsRead Ch. 7 of Principles of Fraud Examination. ReadingsRead Ch. of Principles of Fraud Examination. ReadingsRead the sections â€Å"Audit Programs† â€Å"Audit Procedures for Obtaining Audit Evidence† in Ch. 3 of Auditing Assurance Services. ReadingsReview the Apollo Shoes Casebook. ParticipationParticipate in class discussion. See Policies1. 5 Discussion QuestionsRespond to weekly discussion questions. DQ1 – Da y 2 DQ2 – Day 4 DQ3 – Day 61. 5 Individual CPA Examination ReviewResource: Week Three Student Guide Access the Wiley CPA Examination Review website from the link on the student website. Use the Week Three Student Guide to complete the Wiley CPA Examination assignment. Day 72 Learning Team Substantive Procedures for Cash Outflow IrregularitiesResource: Apollo Shoes Casebook Outline substantive procedures by using the Apollo Shoes Casebook for detecting irregularities in each of the following audit cycles: †¢Cash †¢Accounts payable †¢Payroll Design an audit program for the cycle in no more than 1,050 words. Consider using a checklist or flowchart to outline your process. Format your audit program consistent with APA guidelines. Day 712 Week Four: Substantive Procedures for Cash Asset Irregularities DetailsDuePoints Objectives4. 1Design substantive procedures for detecting irregularities in accounts receivable. 4. Design substantive procedures for detecting inventory irregularities. 4. 3Design substantive procedures for detecting irregularities in fixed assets. ReadingsRead Ch. 4 of Principles of Fraud Examination. ReadingsRead Ch. 9 of Principles of Fraud Examination. ReadingsRead Ch. 7 of The Financial Numbers Game: Detecting Creative Accounting Practice s. ReadingsReview the Apollo Shoes Casebook. ParticipationParticipate in class discussion. See Policies1. 5 Discussion QuestionsRespond to weekly discussion questions. DQ1 – Day 2 DQ2 – Day 4 DQ3 – Day 61. 5 Learning Team Substantive Procedures for Asset IrregularitiesResource: Apollo Shoes Casebook Outline substantive procedures by using the Apollo Shoes Casebook for detecting irregularities in each of the following audit cycles: †¢Accounts receivable †¢Inventory †¢Fixed assets Design an audit program for the cycle in no more than 1,050 words. Consider using a checklist or flowchart to outline your process. Format your audit program consistent with APA guidelines. Day 711 Week Five: Financial Statement Fraud DetailsDuePoints Objectives5. 1Analyze the relationship between financial accounting principles and fraud. 5. 2Analyze schemes used in financial statement fraud. ReadingsRead Ch. 11 of Principles of Fraud Examination. ReadingsRead Ch. 12 of Principles of Fraud Examination. ReadingsReview the Apollo Shoes Casebook. ParticipationParticipate in class discussion. See Policies1. 5 Discussion QuestionsRespond to weekly discussion questions. DQ1 – Day 2 DQ2 – Day 4 DQ3 – Day 61. 5 Individual Financial Statement Fraud SchemesYou are the investigator assigned to Apollo Shoes. Based on the nature of the company and the evidence provided to you, you must determine which financial statement fraud schemes would likely be present in the company. Resource: Apollo Shoes Casebook Identify potential financial statement fraud schemes by using the Apollo Shoes Casebook. Describe the types of evidence you would look for to determine whether fraud is occurring. Write a business brief of no more than 1,050 words that outlines how you will use the substantive procedures discussed in Weeks Three and Four to analyze potential schemes. Format your business brief consistent with APA guidelines. Day 720 Learning Team Weekly ReflectionDiscuss this week’s objectives with your team. Your discussion should include the topics you feel comfortable with, any topics you struggled with, and how the weekly topics relate to application in your field. Prepare a 350- to 1,050-word paper detailing the findings of your discussion. Day 71 Week Six: Examination Reporting DetailsDuePoints Objective6. 1Create documentation to present investigation findings. ReadingsRead Ch. 13 of Forensic Accounting and Fraud Investigation for Non-Experts. ReadingsRead the section â€Å"Attestation Engagements† in Module A of Auditing Assurance Services. ParticipationParticipate in class discussion. See Policies2 Discussion QuestionsRespond to weekly discussion questions. DQ1 – Day 2 DQ2 – Day 4 DQ3 – Day 62 Individual CPA Examination ReviewResource: Week Six Student Road Map Access the Wiley CPA Examination Review website from the link on the student website. Use the Week Six Student Guide to complete the Wiley CPA Examination assignment. Day 72 Individual Report on Financial Statement Fraud SchemeResource: Ch. 12 of Principles of Fraud Examination Choose one of the following financial fraud scheme cases from Ch. 12 of Principles of Fraud Examination. (You may also choose a fraud scheme case that is not in the text, with instructor approval. ) †¢Case Study: That Way Lies Madness †¢Case Study: The Importance of Timing †¢Case Study: All on the Surface Write a letter or memo in no more than 1,050 words to the organization’s management and communicate the examination findings explained in the case. Refer to this week’s assigned readings for assistance with formatting a letter or memo to management. Include the following in your letter or memo: †¢A summary of the matter under investigation †¢The scope of the examination †¢A summary of conclusions †¢The factors that aided the examination †¢The limitations on the examination Format your assignment consistent with APA guidelines. Day 78 Learning Team Weekly ReflectionDiscuss this week’s objectives with your team. Your discussion should include the topics you feel comfortable with, any topics you struggled with, and how the weekly topics relate to application in your field. Prepare a 350- to 1,050-word paper detailing the findings of your discussion. Day 71 Copyright University of Phoenix ® is a registered trademark of Apollo Group, Inc. in the United States and/or other countries. Microsoft ®, Windows ®, and Windows NT ® are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. All other company and product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies. Use of these marks is not intended to imply endorsement, sponsorship, or affiliation. Edited in accordance with University of Phoenix ® editorial standards and practices.

Comparative Study of 6T and 8T SRAM Using Tanner Tool

Comparative Study of 6T and 8T SRAM Using Tanner Tool Rajnarayan Sharma, Ravi Antil, Jonish Abstract— in this paper we focus on the dynamic power dissipation during the Write operation in CMOS SRAM cell. The charging and discharging of bit lines consume more power during the Write â€Å"1† and Write â€Å"0† operation. 8T SRAM cell includes two more trail transistors in the pull down path for proper charging and discharging the bit lines. The results of 8T SRAM cell are taken on different frequencies at power supply of 1.5 V. The circuit is characterized by using the 130 nm technology which is having supply voltage of 1.5 V. Finally the results are compared with Conventional 6T SRAM cell. The power dissipated in low power 8T SRAM cell is reduced in comparison to conventional 6T SRAM cell. The result of the research has practical reference value for further study. Keywords—SRAM, Tanner Tool, T-Spice, W-EDIT, IEEE I. INTRODUCTION SRAM is mainly used for the cache memory in Microprocessors, mainframe computers, engineering workstations and memory in hand held devices due to High speed and low power consumption. The need for low-power design is becoming a major issue in high-performance digital systems such as microprocessors [1], Digital Signal Processors (DSPs) and other applications. The increasing Market of mobile devices and battery powered portable electronic systems is creating demands for chips that consume the smallest possible amount of power. SRAM consist of almost 60% of Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits. It is also said that memories are the biggest culprit for the power dissipation in any digital system and No digital system gets complete without memories. Several techniques have been proposed to reduce the power consumption during Write operation of SRAM like, Segmented Virtual Ground Architecture for Low-Power Embedded SRAM [2], Low power SRAM design using half-swing pulse mode techniques [3] and A single-bit line cross-point cell activation (SCPA) architecture for ultra-low power SRAM’s[4].Some other techniques which are use for low power SRAM like Half-Swing Pulse-Mode Techniques[5] these techniques are use for reduce the power dissipation of the SRAM circuit. All these discussed papers are used extra circuitry for reducing the power consumption. In this paper optimized SRAM cell contains two extra tail transistors in the pull-down path of the respective inverter to avoid charging of the bit-lines. These two trail transistor are controlled by an extra signal write select (WS). During read or write mode at least one of the tail transistor must be turned OFF to disconnect the driving path of respective inverters. II. RELATED WORK Karimi and Alimoradi [6]: Rapid growth in semiconductor technology has led to shrinking of feature sizes of transistors using deep submicron (DSM) process. As MOS transistors enter deep submicron sizes, undesirable consequences regarding power consumption arise. This can be done by using one PMOS transistor and one NMOS transistor in series with the transistors of each logic block to create a virtual ground and a virtual power supply. Notice that in practice only one transistor is necessary, because of their lower on-resistance, NMOS transistors are usually used. Cheng and Huang [7]: they present a low-power SRAM design with quiet-bit line architecture by incorporating two major techniques. Firstly, the authors use a one-side driving scheme for the write operation to prevent the excessive full-swing charging on the bit lines. Secondly, they use a precharge free pulling scheme for the read operation so as to keep all bit lines at low voltages at all times. SPICE simulation on a 2K-bit SRAM macro shows that such architecture can lead to a significant 84.4% power reduction over a self-designed baseline low-power SRAM macro. Ming et. Al. [8]: They describes a low-power write scheme by adopting charge sharing technique. By reducing the bitlines voltage swing, the bitlines dynamic power is reduced. The memory cells static noise margin (SNM) is discussed to prove it is a feasible scheme. Simulation results show compare to conventional SRAM, in write cycle this SRAM saves more than 20% dynamic power. III. STATIC RAM SRAM or Static random Access memory is a form of semiconductor memory widely used in electronics, microprocessor and general computing applications. This form of semiconductor memory gains its name from the fact that data is held in there in a static fashion, and does not need to be dynamically updated as in the case of DRAM memory. While the data in the SRAM memory does not need to be refreshed dynamically, it is still volatile, meaning that when the power is removed from the memory device, the data is not held, and will disappear. There are two key features to SRAM Static random Access Memory, and these set it out against other types of memory that are available: The data is held statically: This means that the data is held in the semiconductor memory without the need to be refreshed as long as the power is applied to the memory. SRAM is a form of random access memory: A random access memory is one in which the locations in the semiconductor memory can be written to or read from i n any order, regardless of the last memory location that was accessed. Fig 1 shows the read/write operations of an SRAM. To select a cell, the two access transistors must be â€Å"on† so the elementary cell (the flip-flop) can be connected to the internal SRAM circuitry. Fig. 1 Read/Write Operations OPTIMIZED 8T SRAM CELL Schematic of 8T SRAM cell is shown in fig 2 In that we are using two more transistors M7 and M8 for reducing the power dissipation. WS signal is used for controlling the M7 and M8 during Write â€Å"0† and write â€Å"1† operation. Fig. 2 Optimized 8T SRAM Cell IV. COMPARISON ON DIFFERENT FREQUENCY This section provides the detail simulation analysis of Low power SRAM cell for different frequencies. The dynamic power may be expressed as: P=ÃŽ ±CVf. SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF SRAMS (S-EDIT): Fig. 3 Conventional 6T SRAM Cell (S-EDIT) Fig. 4 Optimized 8T SRAM Cell (S-EDIT) SIMULATION WAVEFORM OF SRAMS ON DIFFERENT FREQUENCIES (S-EDIT): Fig. 5 Simulation Waveform of 6T SRAM at 1GHz (S-EDIT) Fig. 6 Simulation Waveform of 8T SRAM at 1GHz (S-EDIT) From the fig 4.7 it has been clear that for 1 GHz the charging time is less then discharging time. So due to increment in charging and discharging time with frequency the power dissipation will also increase. Fig. 7 Simulation Waveform of 6T SRAM at 2GHz (S-EDIT) Fig. 8 Simulation Waveform of 8T SRAM at 2GHz (S-EDIT) TABLE I COMPARISION ON BAISES OF FREQUENCY Write operation on different frequencies, are given in Table I. Our 8T SRAM cell dissipates lower dynamic power during the switching activity. In 8T SRAM cell the crosstalk voltage values are increased for bit lines, word line (WL) and for outputs in comparison to conventional SRAM cell but these Values can be controlled with the help of proper sizing of Width (W) and Length (L) of the transistor. SIMULATION WAVEFORM OF AVERAGE POWER DISSIPATION AND DELAY (S-EDIT): Fig. 9 Simulation Waveform of 6T SRAM (S-EDIT) Fig. 10 Simulation Waveform of 8T SRAM (S-EDIT) TABLE II COMPARISION TABLE In our 8T SRAM cell as shown above we are preventing any single bit line from being discharged during write â€Å"0† as well as write â€Å"1† mode by proper selection of signal WS, which turn either M7 or M8 OFF. The comparison of conventional 6T SRAM cell and 8T SRAM cell is shown in table II V. CONCLUSION Most of the developed low-power SRAM techniques are used to reduce only read power. Since, in the SRAM cell, the write power is generally larger than read power. We have proposed an SRAM cell to reduce the power in write operation by introducing two tail Transistors in the Pull-down path for reducing leakages. Due to this Stack Transistors the power dissipation has reduced from 18 % in comparison to Conventional 6T SRAM cell. The 8T SRAM provides power efficient solution. There is also improvement in the delay in case of 8T SRAM cell is 29% faster as compared to the conventional SRAM cell. So the newly designed low power SRAM cell consume lesser power and can be said that it is a power aware cell which is acceptable in today’s VLSI design market. REFERNCES [1]International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors.[Online].Available: http://public.itrs.net. [2] Mohammad Sharifkhani, Member, IEEE, and Manoj Sachdev, Senior Member, IEEESegmented Virtual Ground Architecture for Low-Power Embedded SRAM IEEE transaction on very large scale integration(VLSI) systems, vol. 15, no. 2, february 2007 [3] Mai, K.W., Mori, T., Amrutur, B.S., Ho, R., Wilburn, B., Horowitz, M.A., Fukushi, I., Izawa, T. and Mitarai, S. (1998), â€Å"Low power SRAM design using half-swing pulsemode techniques†, IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 33, pp. 1659-71. [4]Vkita, M. et al. (1993), â€Å"A single-bit line cross-point cell activation (SCPA) architecture for ultra-low power SRAM’s†, IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 28, pp. 1114-8. [5]Low-Power SRAM Design Using Half-Swing Pulse-Mode Techniques Kenneth W. Mai, Toshihiko Mori, Bharadwaj S. Amrutur, Ron Ho, Bennett Wilburn, Mark A. Horowitz, Isao Fukushi, Tetsuo Izawa, and Shin Mitarai IEEE journal of solid state circuits, vol. 33, no. 11, november 1998 [6] Gholamreza Karimi1 and Adel Alimoradi â€Å"Multi-Purpose Technique to Decrease Leakage Power in VLSI Circuits† Canadian Journal on Electrical and Electronics Engineering vol. 2, no. 3, March 2011. [7] Shin-Pao Cheng and Shi-Yu Huang â€Å"A Low-Power SRAM Design Using Quiet-Bitline Architecture†Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Workshop on Memory Technology, Design, and Testing, 2005. [8] Gu Ming Yang Jun, Xue Jun. â€Å"Low Power SRAM Design Using Charge Sharing Technique†,IEEE, 2005.

Themes of Ordinary People by Judith Guest :: essays research papers

There are many themes that occur and can be interpreted differently throughout the novel. The three main themes that stand out most are healing, communication, and relationships. Ordinary People starts off already in a broken world. Buck has died, and Conrad has already attempted suicide, therefore, healing is a main focus throughout the book. Beth and Calvin’s marriage is also very rocky and they together are trying to see if things will work out by healing and saving their relationship. Judith Guest shows the journey through Conrad’s life and his progress to becoming completely healed. Beth and Calvin’s relationship is also monitored and in the end just goes downhill by Beth leaving. Lack of communication and poor communication is a big problem in the novel. Beth thinks she and Conrad have poor communication. This is clear when Beth gets mad at Conrad be cause wasn’t the first to know that he quit swim team. Calvin and Beth have communication issues too. They always have different views on things. Beth wanted to go on vacation and Calvin thought it was best to stay home until Conrad is settled again. Calvin wants to talk about everyone’s problems when Beth feels it’s best to move on, and forget about the past and only think about the future. Their lack of communication to agree on things turns their marriage from good to bad and Beth ends up leaving Calvin and Conrad. Relationships are a major issue in the book. Beth and Calvin’s, and Calvin and Conrad’s are the two main relationships that have problems. First off, Beth and Calvin have a very poor relationship from lack of communication. They both have different views and the just really never click anymore. Calvin tries to go to Dr. Berger for advice and in the end their marriage crumbles and Beth leaves the family. Calvin and Conrad don’t have a very strong relation ship in the beginning because Calvin wants to sit around waiting for Conrad to heal and feels he‘s never good enough for Conrad, and Conrad just wants to go back to his regular life he had before and he also never really appreciated his dad.

Technology Increases Happiness :: Happiness Essays

Technology has changed our lives but, has it made our lives any better? Some believe technology makes people happier because, people always want to upgrade their electronics to new, more efficient pieces of equipment. People have been progressing for thousands of years, and we still are. Researchers are always looking to improve current technology and come up with modern, efficient devices to improve our lives. If society were to stop emerging with new inventions, I feel we would be very unhappy. I believe that the leading edge of technology is what makes us happy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The microwave is a prime example of technology making us happy. If we were to get rid of the microwave, many people would be angry because it is a very helpful and time saving device. If there was no microwave people would not be able to defrost the ground meat they forgot to leave out, nor would they be able to cook a hot pocket for lunch when they were short on time. Some people believe that items that are efficient make society happy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Technology is, in some forms, directly related to happiness. Simple devices have been developed to make almost every aspect of life easier. Remote controls, laptop computers, palm pilots, and cellular phones are just a few examples of how technology is able to make life easier. People who own a new high grade computers are glad to have them because computers make simple task in life easier, as a result taking away stress. A lot of modern technology is taken for granted, but without theses devices, people would surely feel the loss since their lives would be more stressful, so today's technological devices truly do make up happier, or keep us happy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are hundreds of hobbies and jobs that exist because of modern technology. There are hobbies and jobs for all ages and taste that would not exist if it were not for the help of modern technology.

What Is Morality :: essays research papers

Definition essay: What is Morality? I'll tell you that morality is probably one of the biggest, most confusing things to look at when you need to write a paper about it. After some deliberation, I have concluded a few things about morality and what it is. Morality is one of those words that you don't hear very often, and use even less frequently. It is perfectly described by Webster's Dictionary as a set of guidelines that govern a person's actions. Without such a code, anarchy would rule supreme. Human beings are human because we can limit ourselves and our behaviour. Moral values are a byproduct of a society that must live together. Even though in Mother Nature the only restricting factor is that of reproduction and supply of food, because our society groups together, (otherwise it probably wouldn't be a society), it needs codes of conduct. We have established government, religion and moral character to regulate this population. All are fairly organized, with moral character being left entirely to the self, while with government or religion often times another person will tell you what to do. Without self-limitation, the Jones's across the street would be hell to live with. They would be insulting, perverse, lying and cheating neighbors. Morality, the set of rules that limit excessiveness in our behavior, is the foundation of all government, religion. It moderates our beliefs and laws; describes how one should act. Moral rules, if you will, include several basic so called 'golden' rules: thou shalt not kill; thou shalt not steal; thou shalt not commit adultery; etc. When people start losing some or all of these moral rules, society falls apart. It has been proven, for example, by the Roman Empire. Close to the end of Rome's "glorious" rule, they ruled most of the known world. Also, people would have sex with any living thing that had a suitable opening. Human life was taken for granted: people committed suicide for stupid reasons; depression, shame, angst, my brother died. To our fairly Judeo-Christian moral standards today, this is despicable, horrifying.

Celebrity Culture Essay

Celebrity culture is recognized today as the popularization of certain individuals that have characteristics which may or may not be authentic, but society views as exceptional. Today’s stars do not really need to have an admirable talent or virtue to be known throughout the world. These idols are now able to gain worldwide coverage through common celebrity magazines and accepted television shows due to self-promotion or unethical behaviour. The celebrity culture always has and always will have an impact and influence on society. Celebrities are constantly in the media and have become role models for adolescents and teenagers. The adolescent minds in the current generation is becoming more deviated from picturing the world as a whole and is more focused on their own â€Å"bubbles† where anything in that bubble must directly relate and affect them. The most noticeable impact is on their views towards beauty, sexualisation or sexual development, and health. Beauty, in a typical teenager vocabulary, has been narrowly transformed into a young, symmetrical, skin-and-bone, tanned woman or man swishing back and forth their gorgeous hair and smiling their perfect teeth. Commercials featuring these celebrities give an impression of â€Å"if you want life and happiness† be like me and buy these products. Teens are misunderstanding that they are more than the sum of their possessions and salaries, more than the sum of their appearance and image, and more than the sum of their achievements and failures because of what they are seeing and everyone else is seeing through the media. More and more of teenagers are being affected by the sexualisation of girls according to mental health experts. A research on analyzing the effects of virtually every form of media from music lyrics to video games showed an effect that young girls are succumbing to the pressure of sexualisation by posting naked pictures of themselves on the internet or allowing boyfriends to take nude photos of them. Furthermore, casual celebrity sex appears to be the norm amongst the youth. As a result of an over-sexed society, young girls can be found with self-image and emotional problems like anxiety and shame, and lack of confidence in and comfort with her own body. Sexualisation of girls has negative consequences on girls’ ability to develop a healthy sexual self-image, research suggests. Celebrities do not only have a negative impact on the personalities and looks of fans, but also in their health. There have been cases where fame has been used positively and to send out a good message but there have been other instances in which celebrities have put out a bad image. For example, the appeal of drug and alcohol abuse has increased and so have images of intoxicated celebrities in magazines and television. Celebrities have glamorized smoking in the media and are setting an example for people everywhere that it is acceptable to smoke. Stars should make it an ambition to refrain from using drugs and drinking excessive amounts of liquor because it sends a message to supporters that a life of drugs and alcohol is a satisfactory way to live. Celebrities need to change the way they act and how they are viewed. Their actions have more of an effect on us then many people believe they have. Thin, compulsive celebrities are changing the way many young teenagers think and act. Celebrities need to change these unpleasant habits now and realize that they need to be more concerned with themselves and with their portrayal in the media. Unfortunately, the power of who becomes famous and what images are presented is completely in the hands of the media.

Paper Publishing Versus Electronic Publishing

Our world evolves in a very fast manner: from our household to outside jobs to recreation. All works concerned time efficiency and how works are to be done in the fastest way we can but not restraining the good quality of the product. All information, literary works and other works concerning anything under the sun relevant to mankind must be accounted for. Upon considering all information, literary works, and other works, it should be known to public by disseminating it. Publishing is the best way to communicate and disseminate information and works to the people. Traditionally, paper publishing do all the works when it comes to publication may it be news, literary works, musical works, and others. At present, the use of paper media in publishing is still enormous. However, considering the vastness of cost in using paper as a medium in publishing, then alternatives should be considered. Electronic publishing is the best alternative the web can give which has its appealing qualities and products. The evidence of its appealing features and products relies on the availability of the topic to be found. Electronic publishing make sure that their products and works are easy to access by its consumers thus providing them a lesser time in finding any information. Electronic publishing also has a wide range of links for a specific topic. Through the use of the web more information are readily access linking a particular topic to a more specific one. This makes the consumers or readers lessen the wasted time and have that excess time be useful in other activities. Due to the reasons discussed, it is evident that newspaper and book publishers convert their primary product into electronic publishing. Time, quality and reliability must coincide in choosing what to patronize when it regards to the news, literary works and other related works. The fastest the reliable information is to be disseminated the more consumers will trust and the better our world will be. References: Lawrence.http://www.idemployee.id.tue.nl/g.w.m.rauterberg/publications/CITESEER2001online-nature.pdf. retrieved July 25, 2007 Â   Â