Reflective Placement Log Report †International Coffee Organisation (ICO) The WritePass Journal

Reflective Placement Log Report – International Coffee Organisation (ICO) Introduction Reflective Placement Log Report – International Coffee Organisation (ICO) . 2013. Mission. Accessed: ico.org/mission07_e.asp?section=About_Us. Last Accessed: 20/11/2013. Phillips C. Burbules N.C., (2000). Postpositivism and Educational Research. UK. Rowman Littlefield Publishers. ISBN-10: 0847691225

Formal lab report on ionic and covalent compounds Essay Example

Formal lab report on ionic and covalent compounds Essay Example Formal lab report on ionic and covalent compounds Paper Formal lab report on ionic and covalent compounds Paper This experiment was divided in four steps to find the electrical conductivity of covalent and ionic solutions. There were four unknown solutes A, B and C. Each had a specific weight and was dissolved in a certain amount of solute to form either the covalent or ionic solution. Covalent compounds are made up of molecules which are electrically neutral. Ionic compounds are composed of ions, which are positively or negatively charged. Therefore an electric current can be conducted by solutions containing charged particles. Ionic compounds conduct electricity and covalent compounds do not. Once ready the unknown solutions a certain amount of them was placed in four labeled beakers. The conductivity of each was measured with an apparatus containing a light bulb which was plugged in a 110 volt outlet. The ionic compound solutions A C results were bright light, D solution result was dim light. Solution B was a covalent compound which result was no light. The results showed which solutions conducted electricity. Introduction: The purpose of the experiment was to determine the electrical conductivity of the unknown solutions and whether they were formed of ionic or covalent compounds. The solutions were careful made and each was tested with a conductivity apparatus. Purpose: Solutes A, B, C and D were weighted to the amounts indicated. There was a certain amount of solvent for each which also was indicated. Each became a solution formed of either ionic or covalent compounds; they had its unique color. The solutions were labeled to avoid any confusion. : Discussion and Conclusion: the results of the conductivity test showed of what type of compound the solutions were made of. The solutions made out of ionic compound resulted in light because ionic compounds are charged which mean they conduct electricity in the other hand the covalent compounds did not give any light as a result because they are neutral which means they dont conduct electricity.

Organizations as Organisms

Organizations as Organisms Free Online Research Papers Organizations are not just a working machine that functions for its own benefit without regard to the environment, but should be viewed as living systems that are comprised of smaller units that work inter-dependently to create a whole organism, or in other words, an organization. The military and the orchestra are two examples of distinct entities that can be viewed as an â€Å"open system† that is distinctive in that in order to survive, it must depend on its environment and interact with its own sub systems or units in order to survive. Sub units can be seen as aspects of an organization that contribute to its working parts. When looking to the environment for survival, resources that are deemed necessary, such as money, people, or the community, we see this as an open system since an organization’s interactions with its sub units will depend on its survival. This paper intends to provide that organizations, such as the military and the orchestra are different organi zation, but relate in that they can relate as a living system and both depend on its environment for survival while at the same time prove its distinct difference prove productive on how they obtain their needed resources. The military is considered a basic-economic system, an â€Å"Eco system† comprised of different basic units with its own labor source that works towards the overall goal of creating a military â€Å"aggregate soldier† that can exceed the addition of all subunits to create a bigger entity that impacts the world. The military is a unique organism but at the same time, its size and force can work against it. The military unit is a continuous force of input and output that drives on the economic resources it needs to produce its domestic product, a ready military force. This constant need can sometimes create a burden because our society allows a voluntary source; by creating a constitutional duty that is seen vital, the military mandates a period of time for people to serve to help produce that economic resource. The military relies on the external economic environment to provide resources to create its domestic product and depending upon the stability of the environm ent, the military’s performance may be hindered due to reduce combat capability as well as the member’s personal consumer society. In order for the military to be a true productive force, the ingrained economic laws in which society follow that govern life and activity are used by each unit to determine the effectiveness each subunit can provide. Labor efficiency is done by upgrading logistical and technical equipment capability, ensuring every member is qualified, raising economic awareness to reduce waste, fostering cohesion and teamwork, as well as investigating other national and foreign units to develop a cohesive, economically sound team (Federov, 2001). Like the military, the orchestra can also be system a similar organism with subunits that comprise the unit as a whole. It has complex interdependent subsystems that cause the orchestra to rely on its economic environment for its survival. An orchestra runs like an organization in terms distinct job function boundaries, the orchestra itself, staff, board members, and volunteers. These systems may be broken down further by departments within each job function. The orchestra relies heavily on the external environment for income through ticket sales and contributions to support the orchestra’s â€Å"personnel intensive† asset needs. To help the support the orchestra, marketing advertises concerts to generate income as well through record sales. To promote the environment’s love for music, members are reaching out to their community with music education in hopes that the community will provide inputs. Another issue is not in the form of economic need, but a pers on’s quality of life that music brings. It is an intangible asset to consider in terms of the impact on the community, the community’s economy and the value added. Measuring an intangible asset is hard, but looking at the community as a whole and the stability of an orchestra’s economic input-process-output stability can give a better indication Roelofs, 2005). The military and an orchestra are similar in terms of a living system in that they both have relationships with its smaller units and is an integrated whole. The military is a single whole process where each military member creates a unit that in turn produces a systemic effect. These individual units build and each section produces an effect that when in combination, creates a military force that can create a large labor force in a limited space. Relationships are formed through cohesiveness, a common sense of duty, and an understanding of economic expectation of labor outputs. The orchestra also consists of systems and subsystems that work to create the orchestra as a whole. Subsystems consist of board members that work to obtain contributions for the orchestra, staff, volunteers, and the musicians themselves. Both the military and the orchestra are seen as a whole unit as the military impacts the entire globe. The military combat warring nations to protect communities and ser ve as ambassadors to other nations to build friendships and strengthen units to ensure longevity. The orchestra work to provide music to communities to build a sense of pride and unity and establish themselves with people. Every system has its autonomy and function; managers work through systematic processes within its own logic and how the organization reacts to situations. By treating organizations as a living system, managers cooperate and try to build partnership for sustainability (Capra, 1996). Looking at an orchestra and the military in terms of a systems approach, there are some important differences in the way it functions for the environment. Both parties function in that they each are developed through sub units with its own interdepartmental system and how they work to support the overall whole unit, but one can look at the orchestra as its own subunit of the organization whereas the military is still just considered the whole of an organization. With an orchestra, one can be found in almost every community and each one works to support itself to provide music to the community and the various programs it provides. Each organization may run a little differently, budgets and contributions will vary and each orchestra’s depth will vary; its output will be based on what their own individual organization wants to deliver. With the military, the sub units as a whole works towards a common goal set by the organization. Its living systems are predetermined on how they will exist and to what function. The goal is a two-fold process, how do we become the best technologically and maintain the skill set needed through the economic boundaries set forth and how do we create a sustaining mindset within thousands of individuals to understand we are a living system as one? Each organization is common in that they require an open system of resources for sustenance but each is different in their output. All things can be considered living systems, take TUIU for example. TUIU can be looked at as a whole unit because it is a university organization with different subunits that make up the sum of the whole part. Like a human body, students are like cells that create different organs and tissue. The tissue can be seen as the classes offered to the cells, like food to exist within the subunit. The organs are each department of the university that takes in all the cells and refers it to various parts for answers and needed functions. The whole university functions as the brain, which needs all parts to help function. TUIU becomes a social system when students come together for a common purpose and have mutual interaction and focuses on the basic principles of what they are trying to accomplish. If students fail to interact, processes begin to dissect. As we discussed living systems in comparison to the orchestra and the military, how could we put this in terms for a new organizational member? An organization is considered a living system when you look at the autonomy each department has is accomplishing the processes to reach goals. Managers take in the logic and emotions of the organization’s mission and implement ways to influence its employees to create ways to make processes better, faster, and cheaper as a way to empower them and be committed to the organization by cultivating what is important to them (Capra,1996). Even though many see an organization as a living system, how can we relate it to a machine? Organizations are a relationship that persists over time, as does a well-running machine. Members that work machines (inter-departments) must anticipate changes that a machine may need as the environment changes since information is the food that drives it. The levers (people) take signals from the environment and bring the data forward to modify the organization’s actions. For example, your organization is marketing a new shoe. You decide to do a marketing analysis through random cities that are selling the shoe (feedback loop) and your levers (people in the organization) are providing the feedback signals to the machine (inter-departments) to determine the changes needed to modify in relation to the change in environment to market new changes to the shoe (Flower, 1995). The military and the orchestra are but two examples on how anyone can break down an organization in a living system, a whole unit with sub units that relate and interconnect in order to support being a whole unit. The wholeness of a unit comes from its social system, the community or ecosystems. The military is unique in that it survives not only on the technology and economic resources it is given, but the global need for protection and people who feels it’s their constitutional duty to serve those people. The orchestra is also unique in that its survival completely rest on their community. Music is a way to bring communities together but its resources must come from those same people to survive; inter-departments work together in order to support the orchestra as a whole. Another concept viewed is how an organization or an organism can function as a machine. The environment acts as the feedback loop and uses the organization’s levers to provide signal for change. The environment is the driver of change and organisms, us, must learn from our past in order to adapt to the changing environment and function as a whole unit. References Capra, F. (N.D.) Living Systems. The Light Party. Retrieved May 18, 2009, from lightparty.com/Visionary/LivingSystems.html Fedorov, G.S. (2001) The Military Unit as Part of the Armed Forces Economic System . Military Thought . July. Retrieved May 18, 2009, from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0JAP/is_4_10/ai_78839805/ Flower, J. (1995) The Structure Of Organized Change: A conversation with Kevin Kelly. The Healthcare Forum Journal, vol. 38, no. 1, January/February 1995. Retrieved May 18, 2009, from well.com/user/bbear/kellyart.html Roelofs, L. (N.D.) Organizational Change: Open System Concepts. Symphony Orchestra Institute. Retrieved May 18, 2009, from soi.org/reading/change/concepts.shtml Research Papers on Organizations as OrganismsOpen Architechture a white paperBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfGenetic EngineeringAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeDefinition of Export QuotasIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalThe Project Managment Office SystemInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2

Data Envelopment Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Data Envelopment Analysis - Essay Example This paper would use the DEA method to measure the technical allocative efficiency. IT start-ups in China in particular and the rest of the world in general are faced with the same problem of initiating DEA methods to measure effectiveness of resource allocation processes and related outcomes. For instance according to Xu and Zhang (2008) the optimum resource input-output ratios are regarded as the best indicators of efficient resource allocation processes in the IT start-up firms that depend on strategic resource utilization and mobility between sectors to achieve positive organizational outcomes. Gomes, de Mello and Meza (2008) use a hybrid approach based on DEA efficiency measurement thus highlighting the importance of large discreet resource allocation processes. This is a paradigm shift from the non-discreet statistical processes that were previously adopted by researchers to measure the optimum resource input-output ratios. In addition to these DEA methods there are other more advanced DEA models. Among them the most popular two models are known as the CCR model and the BCC model. CCR has been named after its three discoverers Charnes, Cooper and Rhodes (1978) while BCC has been named after its discoverers Banker, Charnes and Cooper (1984). ... The significance of each Decision Making Unit (DMU) in the resource allocation process is emphasized by the two models.However CCR makes the assumption that each DMU is capable of operating only at constant returns to scale while BCC assumes that there are variable returns to scale. This paper would use these two models for the analysis of the resource allocation efficiency in IT start-up firms (Graaf & Washida, 2006). Though the paper would basically focus attention on Chinese IT firms there would be some analytical perspectives on other IT firms in the rest of the world as well. Actually this dichotomy between the two models has led to internal conflicts within firms as to which model has more merits than the other (Kaynak & Karakaya, 1994).The DMU consists of personnel who are Human Resource Management (HRM) specialists and production engineers and therefore are expected to work out the best or most efficient resource allocation process so that output would be maximized and cost m inimized (Davenport, 1999). The current literature on the subject actually generalizes the impact of this conflict on the DMU's own efficiency and impartiality. This outcome is further worsened by the fact that individual decision makers are much less inclined to coordinate efforts at each level of decision making though such decisions weigh heavily on the final organizational outcomes (Phillips, 2005).The negotiation process between and among the members of the DMU of each organization such as the new IT firm in China can be more specifically referred to as a culture-specific ritual in which rules are openly flouted in order to preserve one's own interests (Pour, 2006). In fact IT industry analysts and experts agree that attitudes and

Research a women's health condition and interview someone that has Essay

Research a women's health condition and interview someone that has personally faced this issue - Essay Example By far the most common form of cystitis is known as Bacterial Cystitis. About 20-40% of women will suffer from bacterial cystitis in their lifetimes. 1 Interstitial cystitis ( IC) is caused by a trauma to the bladder, the exact causes are not known but; Some IC patients reported that their symptoms began after a traumatic event, such as a fall, car accident, pelvic surgery (i.e. hysterectomy or ovarian cyst removal), childbirth or chemical exposure in a swimming pool.   Others believed that their IC began after a severe UTI or as a result of another medical condition, such as fibromyalgia. Some patients thought that their excessive drinking of sodas (diet & regular sodas), c coffees and/or alcohol was the cause of their IC. The common factor in all of these events is their potential for irritating the bladder wall. ( Interstitial Cystitis Network) Other types of cystitis which less common are known as eosinophilic cystitis ( caused by the appearance of a large number of bacteria called ecosinophils) ,radiation cystitis ( found in patients with cancer) and hemorrhagic cystitis. For all types of cystitis the symptons are generally the same, frequent and painful urination, cloudy and foul smelling urine and pain in the lower back and kidney area. Taking a urine test will show the appearance of blood in the urine and the presecene of white or red blood cell to combating the infection. If cystitis is left untreated or worsens it can lead to a number of complications including kidney infections and renal failure. This assignment deals with treating the more common Bacterial Cystitis. In the majority of cases the condition can be successfully treated at home and the symptoms will clear up within 2-3 days. Home treatments include drinking lots of fluids including cranberry juice. For fast and effective pain relief taking one teaspoon of bio-carbonate of soda in a class of water or buying over

MANAGING INTERNATIONAL LEGAL ENVIRONMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

MANAGING INTERNATIONAL LEGAL ENVIRONMENT - Essay Example The civil law system is based on a detailed set of legal codes and is adopted in many countries including Japan, France, Germany, among other countries. There is less flexibility in the application of the law because, unlike in the case of the common law system, the judge is limited to applying the provisions of the law as embodied in written codes. It must be noted, however, that the decisions of the courts form part of the jurisprudence of these countries and are also applied in the individual cases brought before the court. The Islamic law system is the most widely applied legal system of theocratic law in the world, and governs nearly all aspects of life in Islamic countries. Its application to business is most commonly known to be in the realm of lending where interest is considered illegal land outlawed by the Koran. The exporter must come to grips with evolving and designing contracts applicable to his commercial situation. Where common law prevails, contracts have to be very detailed with all contingencies spelled out because no written codes can be referenced. However, in civil law systems, contracts can be shorter because many issues covered in such contracts are already covered in the civil code. The exporter has to be sensitive to the differences of legal systems in countries where he exports his goods because in case of a contract dispute, the strength of his position in court can be affected depending on the legal system that obtains. Where international trade transactions result in a dispute, the question raised is always that of which countrys laws apply. For some countries the issue has been resolved with the establishment of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG), which was adopted in 1980 by ll countries, including the United States, and took effect in 1988. The CISG establishes a

Economic Issues in 20th century Latin America Essay

Economic Issues in 20th century Latin America - Essay Example The economy of such countries as Chile, Mexico, Argentina and Peru is now much more open than before. Even in Brazil, where the resistance to market reforms continued in the 90 years, government policy as a whole turned in the direction of foreign trade liberalization and privatization. The changes in both spheres – political and economical – were rather difficult for the countries. In contrast to the predictions of many analysts new democratic regimes have proven to be viable even in a severe economic crisis. Ultimately, most of them show the ability to implement difficult but much-needed market reforms. Now the countries of Latin America are facing new, more complex tasks, which differ from the previous problems at least in two important aspects. First of all, conditions of policy have changed. In the past reformers were opposed by supporters of import-replacing model and the dominant role of the state. Before government did not pay so much attention to the problems o f private investment, market competition, and prudent macroeconomic policies. Now the debate is centered on the extent of state support to private sector and focus on the issues like distribution and the actual economic growth. There are the disputes around the economic policy which closely related to the changing nature of policy challenges facing the young democracies of Latin America. The task of overthrowing the military dictatorship and preventing the return to authoritarian rule gave way to the issues of efficiency and accountability of the elected governments. The results of these political challenges impact on the issues of economic growth and property. Economic overview and challenges The neoliberal reforms of 80-90-ies have been repeatedly criticized and continue to cause controversy today. The incentives for economic growth, which are created by market-oriented policies, derive from several sources. In the context of economic globalization, external financing is crucial f or the balance of payments in all countries. In Latin America, as in other developing countries, governments in most cases are aware of the importance of maintaining the confidence of private investors and institutions like the IMF and World Bank. The significance of these goals is well demonstrated by the Mexican peso crisis. In 80-ies a typical reaction to these events was to limit imports and capital movements, in the mid-90'ies answer to the crisis was the deepening of liberal reforms. The past experience has also demonstrated how important it is to maintain continuity of policy. Export-oriented East Asian countries have successfully emerged from the debt crisis, which sharply contrasted with the profound failure of the political experiments in Brazil, Argentina and Peru. The lessons of this experience are still being discussed, but already had a consensus on the need for a cautious approach to macroeconomic policy (Frieden, 2000). Finally, the probability of the direct cancella tion of the results of past reforms is limited by internal factors. In countries such as Chile and Mexico, the political influence of export-oriented business provides a powerful motivation for the continuity of policies. Moreover, the successful stabilization programs have gained wide popularity among lower-income groups, which particularly were affected by high inflation. Thus, although the opposition argue for more vigorous measures to